Boundary is a political factor which segregates people of different countries physically and mentally and affects their legal relations. Governments, in their territories consider some rights for their citizens, which foreigners are deprived of them. Mutually, citizens of a government have certain duties that non-citizens exempt from them. An instance of such relations in Iranian legal system is Obtaining security from foreigners when they bring a suit against an Iranian citizen, in order to recompense probable damages to defendant in case of frivolous claims, which is mentioned in article 144 of Civil Procedure Law for public and revolutionary courts in civil matters. The matter of this paper is whether stateless persons have to make such deposits or it's unfair to ask them; since there is no letter of the law in this case. In the following, we have reviewed both ideas and found out that exemption of stateless persons from the deposit is more preferred.

Purpose: Food security is a critical global challenge that is influenced by research and innovation in the field. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the scientific output of developing countries in food security and examine its relationship with patents and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Methodology: This applied research utilized the Scientometric approach. A total of 8,416 papers published between 1992-2023 in the field of food security by developing countries were included in the study using citation databases from Clarivate Analytics. Additionally, patent registrations from the WIPO database and GDP data from the World Bank were analyzed. Information was collected through note-taking, and the data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.Findings: The findings reveal an upward trend in the publication and citation of scientific outputs related to food security in developing countries. China has higher numbers of papers, patents, GDP, and food production index compared to Iran, Japan, and South Korea. There is also a positive correlation observed between population and the number of papers, gross production and the number of papers, food production and the number of published papers, as well as the number of patents and papers citing scientific outputs of countries.Conclusion: These results highlight the significant relationship between increasing scientific output, GDP, the number of patents, and food security. Greater emphasis on food security contributes to enhanced scientific output, GDP, and innovation. Similarly, increasing scientific output, GDP, and innovation positively impact food security in countries.Value: This study emphasizes the importance of scientific outputs in driving technological advancements, innovations, and ultimately, ensuring food security in developing countries.

International system has witnessed China's rising in recent years. Laying aside revisionist and anti-systemic policies, China has adopted economic development and political stability as its strategic priorities. The philosophical basis of China's behavior during recent years has been the concept of acoordinated but not isomorphic world. It has not only emphasized dynamic and active stability, but also has changed its overt and covert approaches at the different national, regional and international levels to obtain its strategic goals. This article explores the strategic logic and political management mechanisms used by China to achieve its desirable international status. Strategic participation in multilateral institutions, expanding economic diplomacy, pursuing open door policy and complicated interdependence and finally cooperation with great international and regional powers constitute the main hypothesis of this article. This article uses documents and library sources to gather necessary data and to explain the process of China's attainment to the status of great power, employs the methodology of strategic management and applies the theory of constructivism.

Article one of the aggravating punishments of bribery, embezzlement and fraud's perpetrators act, enacted in 1989 stating the circumstances of fraud by not mentioning of fraudulently Obtaining services resulted to a disputation between lawyers.Unfortunately, a judicial precedent has not yet developed and identified to resolve this problem. Of course, by considering services as a kind of property (as we concluded in this Article) Article one involves fraudulently Obtaining of services beyond any doubt. On the other hand, Article 741 of the Islamic Penal Code, enacted in 2010, has expressly considered Obtaining services by deception as fraud, but since the Article has limited to computer crimes, due to the rule of law principle, it cannot be extended to other crimes on the grounds of unity of criteria.A differential legislation policy with respect to computer crimes and other ones is not justified and the Article one needs to be amended. This problem has been resolved in England many years ago. At first the Obtaining services by deception has been criminalized as an especial crime, and then as a case of general title of fraud and it`s Conditions, elements and punishment precisely stated by law and Judicial procedure.In Germany and France criminal law, as opposed to Egypt and Syria ones, Obtaining services by deception has been criminalized, by this name(in Germany), or under general title of fraud, (in France).

Financing of arbitration by a third party is an emerging phenomenon in the arbitration whereby a third party incurs the costs of arbitration proceedings in return for sharing the benefits of the arbitral award, which is likely issued in favor of the supported party. Even a party who has no problem of paying the arbitration fees may conclude an arbitration financing agreement with a third party in order to avoid the consequences of failure in arbitration. Although the third party play a significant role in enforcing the right of the parties to access to justice, this person is not a party to the dispute and it is obvious that in some cases such as Obtaining security for other party's proceedings costs, no obligation can be imposed on him. In addition to the need to disclose a third-party identity on behalf of supported party for arbitration, arbitrators are required to disclose any connection to this person.

Criminal procedure as a measure of the degree to which criminal justice systems adhere to human rights has long sought to respond to crime. Although the procedure of the criminal procedure has important goals, but the main mission of the procedure is to discover the truth in the cases. Although in the past the process of discovering the truth was simple, with the rise in crime rates and the emergence of white-collar crimes, the discovery of the truth has been challenged; This means that the complexity of the crime has also made the truth-seeking processes difficult. However, due to the mission of criminal procedure as a chapter of hostility, judges try to identify the truth in various ways and, based on that, issue a fair verdict in a fair process. Due to the fact that the public expectation from the penal system is to investigate crimes committed and restore public order, judges have been given privileges according to which they can perform their assigned duties. One of the most important powers given to judges to discover the truth is the principle of freedom of reason; This means that judges, in the position of discovering the truth, can obtain any reason. However, the prohibition of abuse of power and the prevention of arbitrariness of judges has led to the recognition of the principle of legality of the study of reason in addition to the principle of freedom of reason.